This investigation examines the association between oncological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emphasizing its chronic and multidimensional nature. Unlike acute trauma, oncological trauma follows a protracted trajectory encompassing the diagnostic phase, treatment period, and post-therapeutic stage. This phenomenon is intensified by the subjective perception of a life threat and the cumulative burden imposed by therapeutic interventions. Epidemiological investigations indicate that PTSD prevalence in oncological populations ranges from 10% to 50%, with variation attributable to methodological heterogeneity and sample characteristics. Clinical manifestations include a spectrum of psychopathological symptoms, notably anticipatory anxiety, hypervigilance to somatic cues, and persistent fear of disease recurrence. Identified risk factors for PTSD development in oncological contexts include: neoplasm type and stage, therapeutic modality, previous traumatic experiences, coping mechanisms, social support availability, and sociodemographic variables including age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The diagnostic protocol for oncology-related PTSD employs a multi-phase approach utilizing standardized clinical interviews and validated self-report instruments, including the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and Distress Thermometer. Interdisciplinary collaboration among specialists and cultural adaptation of assessment tools are essential components of accurate diagnosis. Empirical evidence supports the therapeutic efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), pharmacological interventions, and mindfulness-based approaches. The authors advocate the implementation of systematic screening protocols utilizing standardized assessment instruments, early psychological intervention, and personalization of mental health care. Comprehensive understanding of the interaction between oncological trauma and PTSD symptomatology constitutes the foundation for effective integration of psychological support within comprehensive oncological treatment, potentially contributing significantly to the optimization of quality of life and psychosocial functioning in oncological patients.