The author presents the results of neuroscience, and neuropsychoanalysis that support empirically many conceptualizations made by psychoanalysis of clinical phenomena related to human functioning, and the therapeutic relationship. The purpose of the text is not a reduction one field of knowledge to another, but the emphasis the importance of cooperation in the field of research on the functioning of the human mind and brain. In this sense, the author refers to the main principles of the new field of knowledge, which is neuropsychoanalysis. The text attempts to look at the phenomenon of psychopathology and psychotherapy through the prism of the latest neuroscience research. In particular, the paper mentions the issue of system of memory and learning, the question of intersubjectivity, and the mirror neuron system, as well as a description of the neuro-behavioral PLAY system. The text discusses the concepts and ideas of various neuroscientists, as well as theoreticians and practitioners of psychoanalysis: J. Panksepp, V. Ramachandran, D. Stern, D. Winnicott, W. Bion, T. Ogden. In the last part of the article presents the TFP treatment developed by Otto Kernberg and his team, as a method that specifically implements the conclusions of neuroscience.